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Johan Rudolf Kjellén (, 13 June 1864, Torsö – 14 November 1922, Uppsala) was a Swedish political scientist and politician who first coined the term "geopolitics". His work was influenced by Friedrich Ratzel. Along with Alexander von Humboldt, Karl Ritter, and Friedrich Ratzel, Kjellén would lay the foundations for the German ''Geopolitik'' which would later be espoused prominently by General Karl Haushofer. Kjellén completed gymnasium in Skara in 1880 and matriculated at Uppsala University the same year. He completed his Ph.D. in Uppsala in 1891 and was a docent there from 1890-1893. He also taught at Gothenburg University from 1891 and was professor of political sciences and statistics there from 1901 until he received the prestigious Skyttean professorship of Eloquence and Government in Uppsala in 1916. A conservative politician, he was a member of the Second Chamber of the Swedish parliament 1905-1908 and of its First Chamber 1911-1917. ==Kjellén's ideas== Kjellén was Friedrich Ratzel’s student and would further elaborate on organic state theory, coining the term "geopolitics" in the process. The basics of his ideas were presented in 1900 in the book ''Introduction to Swedish Geography'', based on his lectures at Gothenburg University. Kjellén's ''The State as a Living Form'', published in 1916, is generally regarded as his most important book on geopolitics. It outlines five key concepts that would shape German ''geopolitik'': #''Reich'' was a territorial concept consisting of ''Raum'' (''Lebensraum''), and strategic military shape; #''Volk'' was a racial conception of the state; #''Haushalt'' was a call for autarky based on land, formulated in reaction to the vicissitudes of international markets; #''Gesellschaft'' was the social aspect of a nation’s organization and cultural appeal, Kjellén anthropomorphizing inter-state relations more than Ratzel had; and, #''Regierung'' was the form of government whose bureaucracy and army would contribute to the people’s pacification and coordination. Kjellén disputed the solely legalistic characterization of states, arguing that state and society are not opposites, but rather a synthesis of the two elements. The state did have a responsibility for law and order, but also for social welfare/progress, and economic welfare/progress. Autarky, for Kjellén, was a solution to a political problem, not an economic policy in itself. Dependence on imports would mean that a country would never be independent. Territory would provide for internal production; for Germany, Central and Southeastern Europe were key, along with the Near East and Africa. The three characteristics of a state, according to Kjellén, were ''Topopolitik'', ''Physiopolitik'' and ''Morphopolitik''. The first two of them correspond to ''Lage'' and ''Raum'', which respectively mean position and territory, whereas ''Morphopolitik'' is connected with the shape and the form of a state. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Rudolf Kjellén」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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